Chapter 13: Computing Foundations - Revision history

Daniel Robbins: /* Software Security Guidelines */

2015-08-28T07:51:22Z

‎Software Security Guidelines

Daniel Robbins: /* Networking Protocols and Standards */

2015-08-28T07:20:49Z

‎Networking Protocols and Standards

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Daniel Robbins: /* Networking Protocols and Standards */

2015-08-28T06:42:59Z

‎Networking Protocols and Standards

Daniel Robbins: /* Networking Protocols and Standards */

2015-08-28T06:41:08Z

‎Networking Protocols and Standards

Daniel Robbins: /* Types of Network */

2015-08-28T06:37:57Z

‎Types of Network

Daniel Robbins: /* Tasks of DBMS Packages */

2015-08-28T06:34:26Z

‎Tasks of DBMS Packages

Daniel Robbins: /* Database Query Language */

2015-08-28T06:19:29Z

‎Database Query Language

Daniel Robbins: /* Database Query Language */

2015-08-28T05:56:28Z

‎Database Query Language

Daniel Robbins: /* Database Query Language */

2015-08-28T05:55:27Z

‎Database Query Language

Daniel Robbins: /* Operating Systems Classification */

2015-08-28T05:54:55Z

‎Operating Systems Classification

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:51, 28 August 2015
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	* 9. Use effective quality assurance techniques.		* 9. Use effective quality assurance techniques.
	* 10. Adopt a software construction security standard.		* 10. Adopt a software construction security standard.
		+
		+	{{EndSection\|title=References\|body=
		+	{{reference
		+	\|number=1
		+	\|author=Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula, IEEE Computer Society and Association for Computing Machinery
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=Software Engineering 2004: Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Software Engineering
		+	\|edition=
		+	\|publisher=
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2004
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=http://sites.computer.org/ccse/SE2004Volume.pdf
		+	}}{{reference
		+	\|number=2
		+	\|author=G. Voland
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=Engineering by Design
		+	\|edition=2nd ed.
		+	\|publisher=Prentice Hall
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2003
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}{{reference
		+	\|number=3
		+	\|author=S. McConnell
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=Code Complete
		+	\|edition=2nd ed.
		+	\|publisher=Microsoft Press
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2004
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}
		+	{{reference
		+	\|number=4
		+	\|author=J.G. Brookshear
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=Computer Science: An Overview
		+	\|edition=10th ed.
		+	\|publisher=Addison-Wesley
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2008
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}{{reference
		+	\|number=5
		+	\|author=E. Horowitz et al.
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=Computer Algorithms
		+	\|edition=2nd ed.
		+	\|publisher=Silicon Press
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2007
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}{{reference
		+	\|number=6
		+	\|author=I. Sommerville
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=Software Engineering
		+	\|edition=9th ed.
		+	\|publisher=Addison-Wesley
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2011
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}{{reference
		+	\|number=7
		+	\|author=ISO/IEC/IEEE.
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=24765:2010 Systems and Software Engineering—Vocabulary
		+	\|edition=
		+	\|publisher=ISO/IEC/IEEE
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2010
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}{{reference
		+	\|number=8
		+	\|author=L. Null and J. Lobur
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture
		+	\|edition=2nd ed.
		+	\|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2006
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}{{reference
		+	\|number=9
		+	\|author=J. Nielsen
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=Usability Engineering
		+	\|edition=
		+	\|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=1993
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}{{reference
		+	\|number=10
		+	\|author=ISO
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=9241-420:2011 Ergonomics of Human-System Interaction
		+	\|edition=
		+	\|publisher=ISO
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2011
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}{{reference
		+	\|number=11
		+	\|author=M. Bishop
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=Computer Security: Art and Science
		+	\|edition=
		+	\|publisher=Addison-Wesley
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2002
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}{{reference
		+	\|number=12
		+	\|author=R.C. Seacord
		+	\|article=
		+	\|publication=The CERT C Secure Coding Standard
		+	\|edition=
		+	\|publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional
		+	\|issue=
		+	\|date=2008
		+	\|part=
		+	\|link=
		+	}}{{ReferenceList}}
		+	}}

@@ Line 1,650: / Line 1,650: @@
 organizations to guide the design and development
 of the corresponding protocols.
-[[File:The Seven-Layer OSI Networking Model.jpg|thumb|400px|frame|Figure 13.5:  The Seven-Layer OSI Networking Model]]
+[[File:The Seven-Layer OSI Networking Model.jpg|thumb|300px|frame|Figure 13.5:  The Seven-Layer OSI Networking Model]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:41, 28 August 2015
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	organizations to guide the design and development		organizations to guide the design and development
	of the corresponding protocols.		of the corresponding protocols.
		+	[[File:The Seven-Layer OSI Networking Model.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|frame\|Figure 13.5: The Seven-Layer OSI Networking Model]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:37, 28 August 2015
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	networks (VPN), wireless networks, pointto-		networks (VPN), wireless networks, pointto-
	point networks, and Internet of Things.		point networks, and Internet of Things.
		+
		+	===Basic Network Components===
		+
		+	All networks are made up of the same basic hardware
		+	components, including computers, network interface cards (NICs), bridges, hubs, switches,
		+	and routers. All these components are called nodes
		+	in the jargon of networking. Each component performs
		+	a distinctive function that is essential for
		+	the packaging, connection, transmission, amplification,
		+	controlling, unpacking, and interpretation
		+	of the data. For example, a repeater amplifies the
		+	signals, a switch performs many-to-many connections,
		+	a hub performs one-to-many connections,
		+	an interface card is attached to the computer and
		+	performs data packing and transmission, a bridge
		+	connects one network with another, and a router is
		+	a computer itself and performs data analysis and
		+	flow control to regulate the data from the network.
		+
		+	The functions performed by various network
		+	components correspond to the functions specified
		+	by one or more levels of the seven-layer Open
		+	Systems Interconnect (OSI) networking model,
		+	which is discussed below.
		+
		+	===Networking Protocols and Standards===
		+
		+	Computers communicate with each other using
		+	protocols, which specify the format and regulations
		+	used to pack and un-pack data. To facilitate
		+	easier communication and better structure, network
		+	protocols are divided into different layers
		+	with each layer dealing with one aspect of the
		+	communication. For example, the physical layers
		+	deal with the physical connection between
		+	the parties that are to communicate, the data link
		+	layer deals with the raw data transmission and
		+	flow control, and the network layer deals with the
		+	packing and un-packing of data into a particular
		+	format that is understandable by the relevant parties.
		+	The most commonly used OSI networking
		+	model organizes network protocols into seven
		+	layers, as depicted in Figure 13.5.
		+
		+	One thing to note is that not all network protocols
		+	implement all layers of the OSI model. For
		+	example, the TCP/IP protocol implements neither
		+	the presentation layer nor the session layer.
		+
		+	There can be more than one protocol for each
		+	layer. For example, UDP and TCP both work on
		+	the transport layer above IP’s network layer, providing
		+	best-effort, unreliable transport (UDP) vs.
		+	reliable transport function (TCP). Physical layer
		+	protocols include token ring, Ethernet, fast Ethernet,
		+	gigabit Ethernet, and wireless Ethernet. Data link layer protocols include frame-relay, asynchronous
		+	transfer mode (ATM), and Point-to-
		+	Point Protocol (PPP). Application layer protocols
		+	include Fibre channel, Small Computer System
		+	Interface (SCSI), and Bluetooth. For each layer
		+	or even each individual protocol, there may be
		+	standards established by national or international
		+	organizations to guide the design and development
		+	of the corresponding protocols.

@@ Line 1,511: / Line 1,511: @@
 * ''Database Maintenance'' is used to add, delete, update, and correct the data in a database.
 * ''Application Development'' is used to develop prototypes of data entry screens, queries, forms, reports, tables, and labels for a prototyped application. It also refers to the use of 4th Generation Language or application generators to develop or generate program code.
 A database must manage the data stored in it.
 This management includes both organization and
@@ Line 1,525: / Line 1,527: @@
 this purpose with different file structures providing
 different access performance and convenience.

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:19, 28 August 2015
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	table called COMPONENT, where the Item_No		table called COMPONENT, where the Item_No
	equals to 100.		equals to 100.
		+
		+	===Tasks of DBMS Packages===
		+
		+	A DBMS system provides the following
		+	capabilities:
		+
		+	* ''Database development'' is used to define and organize the content, relationships, and structure of the data needed to build a database.
		+	* ''Database interrogation'' is used for accessing the data in a database for information retrieval and report generation. End users can selectively retrieve and display information and produce printed reports. This is the operation that most users know about databases.
		+	* ''Database Maintenance'' is used to add, delete, update, and correct the data in a database.
		+	* ''Application Development'' is used to develop prototypes of data entry screens, queries, forms, reports, tables, and labels for a prototyped application. It also refers to the use of 4th Generation Language or application generators to develop or generate program code.
		+	A database must manage the data stored in it.
		+	This management includes both organization and
		+	storage.
		+
		+	The organization of the actual data in a database
		+	depends on the database model. In a relational
		+	model, data are organized as tables with different
		+	tables representing different entities or relations
		+	among a set of entities. The storage of data deals
		+	with the storage of these database tables on disks.
		+	The common ways for achieving this is to use files.
		+	Sequential, indexed, and hash files are all used in
		+	this purpose with different file structures providing
		+	different access performance and convenience.

@@ Line 1,493: / Line 1,493: @@
 like the following:
-SELECT Component_No, Quantity
+'SELECT Component_No, Quantity
 FROM COMPONENT
-WHERE Item_No = 100
+WHERE Item_No = 100'
 The above query selects all the Component_No

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:54, 28 August 2015
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	* ''Personal computers OS'': runs on personal computers and include such examples as DOS, Windows, Mac OS, and Linux.		* ''Personal computers OS'': runs on personal computers and include such examples as DOS, Windows, Mac OS, and Linux.
	* ''Mobile device OS'': runs on personal devices such as cell phones, IPAD and include such examples of iOS, Android, Symbian, etc.		* ''Mobile device OS'': runs on personal devices such as cell phones, IPAD and include such examples of iOS, Android, Symbian, etc.
		+
		+	==Database Basics and Data Management==
		+	{{RightSection\|{{referenceLink\|number=4\|parts=c9}}}}
		+
		+	A database consists of an organized collection of
		+	data for one or more uses. In a sense, a database is
		+	a generalization and expansion of data structures.
		+	But the difference is that a database is usually
		+	external to individual programs and permanent in
		+	existence compared to data structures. Databases
		+	are used when the data volume is large or logical relations between data items are important. The
		+	factors considered in database design include performance,
		+	concurrency, integrity, and recovery
		+	from hardware failures.
		+
		+	===Entity and Schema===
		+
		+	The things a database tries to model and store are
		+	called entities. Entities can be real-world objects
		+	such as persons, cars, houses, and so forth, or they
		+	may be abstract concepts such as persons, salary,
		+	names, and so forth. An entity can be primitive
		+	such as a name or composite such as an employee
		+	that consists of a name, identification number,
		+	salary, address, and so forth.
		+
		+	The single most important concept in a database
		+	is the ''schema'', which is a description of the entire
		+	database structure from which all other database
		+	activities are built. A schema defines the relationships
		+	between the various entities that compose a
		+	database. For example, a schema for a company
		+	payroll system would consist of such things as
		+	employee ID, name, salary rate, address, and so
		+	forth. Database software maintains the database
		+	according to the schema
		+
		+	Another important concept in database is the
		+	''database model'' that describes the type of relationship
		+	among various entities. The commonly
		+	used models include relational, network, and
		+	object models.
		+
		+	===Database Management Systems (DBMS)===
		+
		+	Database Management System (DBMS) components
		+	include database applications for the storage
		+	of structured and unstructured data and the
		+	required database management functions needed
		+	to view, collect, store, and retrieve data from the
		+	databases. A DBMS controls the creation, maintenance,
		+	and use of the database and is usually
		+	categorized according to the database model it
		+	supports—such as the relational, network, or
		+	object model. For example, a relational database
		+	management system (RDBMS) implements features
		+	of the relational model. An object database
		+	management system (ODBMS) implements features
		+	of the object model.
		+
		+	===Database Query Language===
		+
		+	Users/applications interact with a database
		+	through a database query language, which is a specialized
		+	programming language tailored to database
		+	use. The database model tends to determine
		+	the query languages that are available to access
		+	the database. One commonly used query language
		+	for the relational database is the structured
		+	query language, more commonly abbreviated as
		+	SQL. A common query language for object databases
		+	is the object query language (abbreviated as
		+	OQL). There are three components of SQL: Data
		+	Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation
		+	Language (DML), and Data Control Language
		+	(DCL). An example of an DML query may look
		+	like the following:
		+
		+	SELECT Component_No, Quantity
		+	FROM COMPONENT
		+	WHERE Item_No = 100
		+
		+	The above query selects all the Component_No
		+	and its corresponding quantity from a database
		+	table called COMPONENT, where the Item_No
		+	equals to 100.